Darkness in Poe, Hawthorne, Melville and Dickinson Essay

E. A. Poe, Hawthorne, Melville and E. Dickinson’s works contain similar elements and images which can be related to the theme of darkness. These authors used these motives as their main subject throughout their works. Some of them led very gloomy and dark life so they used those experiences to utter their feelings by putting them on the paper. These poems and works can come across as kind of morbid at first sight so they will be thoroughly explained in the further text. E. A. Poe was labelled as immoral, crazy and depressive by his contemporaries partly because of his most famous poem â€Å"The Raven†. Many of them considered Poe’s behaviour insane when actually he was just a version of Romantic period moody hero like Byron, Keats and Shelly, yet today those â€Å"insane† people are called artists. His works were marked as spooky, spine-tingling and most importantly dark. Furthermore, a solid comparison can be made between 19th century horror writer Poe and 21th century horror writer Stephen King. Although centuries have passed the motif of darkness stays present. The Raven is a poem filled with dark, lonely and melancholic symbols. One of them to begin with is Gothic setting of the poem. â€Å"Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, / Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore†. â€Å"Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December;/ And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. † It’s almost like today’s readers can see in films. One can picture a small cabin deep in the woods on a cold December night with nothing but one candle and a man like shadow which can be seen through the window. Nevertheless, it is a perfect prelude to a horror movie or in this case to a horror poem. In addition to dark setting there is a dark protagonist, a young man suffering a great amount of pain, more precisely loss of a loved woman. Any human would start to question himself and talk to himself as he did in all of that loneliness and misery, but the only reply he got from the raven is â€Å"Nevermore†. That word is pretty devastating for the man on the edge. The Raven itself is a bad omen, dark one since it gives volume to a dark, spooky, ghostly atmosphere. His black feathers are traditionally considered to be a magic sign of something evil, rotten and ill. For the tone Poe is looking for, the raven is perfectly suitable bird. It looks just like the night it came out of. Yet again the night is another motif in poem which is entirely dark in physical and psychological sense. Night represents mysterious and slightly dangerous power of nature and it fits perfectly in the poem. Poe does not choose to write a horror of a sunny afternoon’s setting. One of the first things one can notice while reading The Scarlet Letter is enormous amount of hypocrisy. The society itself is hypocritical, nothing is white or black, people lie and everyone wears a mask, so that can be interpreted as dark motif. There are many examples of collision of light and darkness throughout the novel. Light is used to describe and emphasize good qualities of a human within or present state of emotions. And on the other hand, dark is obviously opposite of that. For example there is a scene when Pearl turns her head away from bright sunlight after stepping out in her mother’s arms from the dark, gloomy prison. This shows the contrast between light and dark and also evokes pity for the baby and her mother’s imprisonment. â€Å"She bore in her arms a child, a baby of some three months old, who winked and turned aside its little face from the too vivid light of day; because its existence, heretofore, had brought it acquainted only with the gray twilight of a dungeon, or other darksome apartment of the prison. † There is another example of light and dark in Hester’s description of Chillingsworth. She describes him as a devil-like figure with a black soul and eyes burning red like fire. Light and darkness represent change of behaviour and personality in a character and this is one of the best examples of that change. Chillingsworth becomes literally and figuratively dark and continues tormenting Dimmesdale. The forest in the novel is described as dark several times especially in comparison with the town. Everything happening outside of the town is considered to be dark which means sinful. For example, Hester who is a sinner in the eyes of society lives on the outskirts of town in the woods. Society dismissed her and marked her as an outcast. The fact she is living on a border of town and forest shows how certain people thought of her in certain situations. During the night she found refuge in the woods with Dimmesdale and during the day she was a sinner in the eyes of society in the town. The forest was seen as the place of evil by townsmen because it was unknown and mysterious. The wilderness of the forest is compared with the Hester’s moral wilderness. â€Å"She had wandered, without rule or guidance, in a moral wilderness; as vast, as intricate and shadowy, as the untamed forest. In Bartleby the Scrivener by Melville one can use doubling as a dark motif. The first example of doubles is Nippers and Turkey. They act like one person which is shown in the way they live their lives. Turkey is off in the morning because of the alcohol he drank the night before and Nippers is off in the afternoon because of his indigestion due to the lunch he had not so long before. They act like two faces of a coin. The second example and most important one is Bartleby. Melville is evoking him as a kind of phantom double. Descriptions of him represent him as either ghostly or a corpse, â€Å"cadaverous†. His indifference toward anything makes The Lawyer feel guilty and the act of understanding and helping Bartleby is just a way of satisfying his conscience. Isolation is also a dark motif in Bartleby the Scrivener. During the day Bartleby stares at the window facing the wall and during the night he sleeps in his office. In fact, this is a perfect picture of Wall Street and people who were really emotionally imprisoned because of their work. The last author to be explained is Emily Dickinson. She was beyond her time, left all alone in her world with nobody there to understand her. Her life was lonely and that, among all else, resulted in two nervous breakdowns. The poetry she wrote was full of dark and mysterious motives. One of her many poems called â€Å"I’m Nobody, who are you? † can explain the core of Dickinson. Although this poem has element of comic sense to it, it’s not quite as comical as it seems. Here Dickinson has a light tone, childish voice and she invites reader to come to her dark side. The main thesis in this poem is the loss of identity and personality. „I’m Nobody! Who are you? / Are you – Nobody – too? / Then there’s a pair of us! / Don’t tell! they’d advertise – you know! â€Å" She is explaining that there is a pair of them, nobodies and outsiders. The speaker fears to reveal their identity because they will not be anonymous free-thinking â€Å"nobodies† that they have chosen to be. It is not arguable that all of these authors were lonely and filled with pain due to certain tragedies but some of them felt it more than others. If every aspect of their lives is taken in consideration one should give a gold medal in darkness and despair to Poe and Dickinson. Nevertheless, all of them were human with real human emotions and their way of coping with pain was by writing it on a piece of paper. No matter how morbid and depressing these works are, they are works of art. It is important to remember how difficult it is to share your emotions publically and let every individual to interpret it in its own way, maybe even comparing it to its own life experiences. That is the beauty of it.

Cosmopolitans and Locals

Cosmopolitans and locals â€Å"If there were only locals in the world, world culture would be no more than the sum of its separate parts†. Hannerz 1990:249 Ulf Hannerz (1990) argues that the world culture is created through the increasing interconnectedness of varied local cultures where people connect in different ways. He uses Robert Merton's cosmopolitan-local distinctions in a global context, to describe how people identify themselves with the global or not. The term `cosmopolitan' is often used rather loosely to describe just about anybody who moves around in the world. But of such people, Hannerz argue some would seem more cosmopolitans than others and others again hardly cosmopolitans at all. He describes a genuine cosmopolitanism as first of all an orientation – a willingness to engage with the other. The willingness to become involved with the other, and the concern with achieving competence in cultures, which are initially alien, is central. Being on the move is not enough to turn into a cosmopolitan. Due to this Hannerz ask a crucial question: Are tourists, exiles, business people and labour migrants cosmopolitans? And if not: Why? A contemporary writer, Paul Theroux (1986), comments that many people travel for the purpose of `home plus'. They seem cosmopolitans but are really locals at heart. Spain is home plus sunshine, India is home plus servants etc. For business people travel is ideally home plus more and better business. The `plus' has often nothing to do with alien systems of meaning, and a lot to do with facts of nature, such as nice beaches or sunshine. The exiles are often no real cosmopolitan either, because their involvement with an alien culture is something that has been forced on them. At best, life in another country is home plus safety or home plus freedom. For labour migrants going away may be home plus higher income and their involvement with another culture is a necessary cost to be kept as low as possible (Hannerz 1990). Transnational cultures today tend to be occupational cultures (and are often tied to transnational job markets). Konrad (1984) emphasises the transnational culture of intellectuals for instance. â€Å"The global flow of information proceeds on many different technical and institutional levels, but on all levels the intellectuals are the ones who know most about one another across the frontiers, who keep in touch with one another, and who feel that they are one another's allies†¦ † Konrad 1984: 208 Hannerz add that there are transnational occupational cultures also of bureaucrats, politicians, business people, journalists and diplomats, and various others. These people shift their bases for longer periods within their lives and wherever they go they'll find others who will interact with them in the terms of specialised but collectively held understandings. Hannerz argue that because of the transnational cultures, a large number of people are nowadays systematically and directly involved with more than one culture. The transnational and territorial cultures of the world are entangled with one another in manifold ways. Some transnational cultures are more insulated from local practises than others and the transnational cultures are also as wholes usually more marked by some territorial culture than by others. However, most of them are in different ways extensions or transformations of the culture of Western Europe and North America.

A Tale of Two Cities Character Carton Analysis Essay Example for Free

A Tale of Two Cities Character Carton Analysis Essay Character (1309) , Charles Dickens (378) , A Tale of Two Cities (24) , Sydney Carton (12) , Charles Darnay (9) , Lucie Manette (7) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints ? In the novel, A Tale of Two Cities, Sydney Carton’s character went through a series of decisions that affected the outcome of the novel. Sydney Carton looks almost looks exactly the same as Charles Darnay, but the main difference, was that Darnay was sober a majority of the time, and he cared and worked for his life. Lucie, the love of Carton’s life, had fallen in love with Darnay. After Carton realized that Lucie would have picked him if he hadn’t been so slavish and drunk a majority of the time, he decided to change. He knew he had already lost Lucie, but he thought that maybe he could still use the rest of his life for the better. His decision to change was not state out right, but the events in the novel, led the reader to the conclusion, that he turned around his life for Lucie. At the beginning of the novel, when Carton is first introduced, he is sitting in the courtroom staring at the ceiling. The author made it seem like Carton did not care what was going on in the courtroom, but later the reader discovers that Carton was listening to the case the entire time. Carton had heard a flaw in the prosecutor’s plan, and he gave a note to Stryver, resulting in an acquittal, which Stryver had received full credit. As the reader continues reading, it is later discovered that Carton is the hand guiding Stryver, while Stryver is just the image. Carton never did anything for himself; because he was too busy helping others. Later in the novel, Carton planned an almost full proof plan to help Charles Darnay. Even though he had made the decision to change, and think out a plan, he never lost the characteristic of putting others before himself. Although he took the place of the Darnay, before his death, he took it for Lucie. As Carton’s character is slowly unfolded throughout the second book, the reader can conclude that Carton dislikes Darnay. Carton dislikes Darnay, because Darnay is the constant reminder to Carton of what he could have been like, if he had not made bad choices in law school and made good choices in general. Whenever Carton came over to the Manette’s home, and was in the presence of Darnay, he was even more quiet then usual. However, when he decided to turn his life around, he buried his hatred for Darnay, and treated him with respect. Even with this decision, carton could not have Lucie, but she accepted him as part of her own family, and he was content with that. At the end of the novel, Carton takes time to plan out a five-step plan to save Darnay, and ends up sacrificing himself for a man he use to hate. Part of Carton’s old personality, was that he always wore his emotions on his sleeve. He thought he was useless and he lacked self-esteem. This was shown throughout the beginning of the book, for he was a drunk resembling his worthless life. He didn’t speak in the conversation unless it was a topic that he truly cared for. Right before his change, he professed his love to Lucie. After his change, he learned to hide his emotions. Although he may not like Darnay, he kept those feelings to himself. He stayed mysterious in Book III, in order for his plan to be successful and his appearance to be surprising. The character, Sydney Carton, was given a second chance as their life was resurrected. Lucie Manette is responsible for the resurrection of Sydney Carton, for she was the inspiration that got Sydney Carton off his feet. Carton twice saves Charles Darnay even though he disliked him. Carton described himself as a wasted creature but Lucy explained that she had faith in him and that he was capable of doing better things. He ended up promising that he would do anything for her, sacrificing his life for Charles Darnay. By hiding his emotions, he was able to carry out a plan without anyone attempting to stop him. Carton strived to become a better person and change his life around because Lucie believed in him. Because of the change in Carton, Darnay’s life is spared and Carton dies with dignity, knowing his life was not a waste. A Tale of Two Cities Character Carton Analysis. (2017, Feb 21).

Windows Communication Foundation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Windows Communication Foundation - Essay Example The essay "Windows Communication Foundation" describes the opportunities of windows communication foundation usage - the main part of the .NET Framework. Microsoft developed WCF as a set of business standards to define service communications. However basically, WCF is a small method used in new .NET, as a method of writing computer applications. However, we can take benefit of built-in characteristics service hosting, asynchronous calls, instance management, reliability, synchronization, disconnected queued calls, transaction management, security plus rising technologies similar to cloud computing, and the Windows Azure. Windows Communication foundation includes service-oriented architecture standards to uphold distributed computing where services are dedicated to clients. The clients are able to make use of multiple services, as well as services, are able to be consumed by multiple clients. Additionally, a service endpoint is the main element of a constantly obtainable service hosted by IIS, or it can be a service hosted by a system application. In addition, an endpoint can be a client of a service that requests data from a service endpoint. The communication messages are distributed as easily as a single word or character transmitted like XML, or like complex as a stream of binary data. WCF comprises the following group of features like service orientation, interoperability, multiple message patterns, service metadata, security, multiple transportations and encodings, transactions, AJAX and REST Support and extensibility.

Pharmacology case studies Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pharmacology studies - Case Study Example It busulfan falls in the categories of immunosuppressive Agents, Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating agents and Myeloablative Agents. It works by interupting replication of DNA and transcription of RNA ultimately causing disruption in the nucleic acid functions. In the end it induces irreversible apoptosis and therefore disrupts the spread of cancerous cells. Busulfan is used therapeutically in synergy with cyclophosphamide to produce a conditioning course of therapy before progenitor cell transplant protocols in Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia. The drug is also used widely in the used as part of the pre-transplant preparations for those patients requiring bone marrow transplants for advanced Myeloid LeuKaemia as well as other conditions that are non-malignant. This is therefore a very important chemotherapeutic agent in the management of Myeloid Leukaemia and other non-malignant cancers due its apoptosis causing effects on target cancerous cells. The drug is in three forms i.e. 2mg tablets; 25 mg capsules a liquid injection. Delivery of the drug is therefore possible through the oral and intravenous routes. When used in the treatment of Chronic Myeloid leukaemia, the drug should be given as follows; the patient should first be pre-medicated with anti-convulsion drugs followed by an initial busulfan dose of 60 mcg/kg/day or 1.8 mg/m ²; 4-8 mg PO qDay. Maintenance doses should be given subsequently at 1-4 mg/day to 2 mg/week PO. The patient is closely monitored and once the white blood cell count is 50,000/mcl the initial dosage should be resumed. When given in combination with cyclophosphamide, an intravenous dose of 0.8 mg/kg at intervals of 6 hours for four days until WBC count reaches 15,000/mm3. When preparing an intravenous injection dose the preferred diluents are NS or and D5W. It should be prepared with diluents volume being 10 times that of busulfan until the desirable concentration of >0.5 mg/ml is attained. The preparation is then prepared through

E-Commerce in Project Integration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

E-Commerce in Project Integration - Essay Example These applications use electronic communications systems and technology of internet (world wide web) and local area networks.1 These depend on computer and non computer technologies. The usage of non computer technologies can be speed up using the e commerce applications. For example the sales and transportation activities can be speeded up by timely communication using computer technologies. According to a survey the ecommerce business applications generated $12.3 billion sales in 2003. this sales is apart from the general sales. The concept of electronic commerce was not same as it was now when compared to 30 years back. The concept has changed with the change of technology. In the present day usage and the needs the e - commerce applications usually integrate various activities in the project management. 30 years back, the interchange of data and funds transfer used to be the meaning of e commerce. They included the transmission of purchase orders and invoices electronically. The process of integration is not present in the beginning. E - Commerce is combination of technology and business. The name itself will represent that combination. It can be defined as the set of processes that execute the business. The analysis of the information available also is part of e commerce. 20 years back, the initiation of credit cards and ATMs occurred. This increased the speed of transaction. After that the e commerce introduced the enterprise resource planning systems. These included data mining and ware housing of data. The increase of databases resulted in increasing the capacity of analysing by the e commerce applications. At present the e commerce includes a wide range of business activities. These activities include number of processes like e banking, offshore manufacturing and e logistics. The growth of the economies of the countries started to speed up when the industries in those countries used e commerce for the integration of their activities. The reason is that it speeded up the execution of transactions and deliver y and production of goods. In this paper the application and advantage of using e commerce for integrating the construction project management will be discussed. 2. E-Commerce in Construction Business Like any other business, the construction business involves the sales, purchase, cash and information transfer and transportation of goods. Along with the aforesaid topics, the process of tenders was also involved. All the above mentioned activities, transactions and processes involved in them can be speeded up by the integration using the e commerce applications. As the groceries are ordered online by customers, similarly the construction material also can be ordered online using e commerce applications. This is possible if the vendor of the construction material also have e commerce applications and using them. This entry of e commerce into number of sectors removed the barriers of selling in number of types of goods. This decreased the investment in establishment of showrooms for many small sized and big sized businesses and industries. As the usage of e commerce decrease the flow of customers to the showroom along with

Blow the Whistle or Breath Insulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Blow the Whistle or Breath Insulation - Essay Example The issue was dealt with by county inspector who recommended the improvement of the condition such as cleaning of all fallen fibers and removal of the asbestos or sealing of the pipes. However, the management did nothing to change the situation apart from cleaning the fallen asbestos. They however informed the workers to continue working in the same environment, but never to do anything that will disturb the asbestos and cause fibers to fall off. The high cost of eliminating the asbestos hazard prohibited the company from implementing the recommendations of county inspector. The dilemma in this case is whether the high cost of mitigating the risk posed by asbestos to the workers is worth the health risk to the workers. The workers are in disagreement as to whether asbestos truly cause cancer and whether the company should incur that cost in order to implement the recommended action by the county inspector. Some workers believe that if the asbestos is left undisturbed, there are no fi bers hence no health risk to those working in that environment. Main ethical principles in Manly Construction Company The working regulations require both workers and employers to be truthful in their operations (Anonymous, 16). In this case, Manly Construction Company is deceitful by assuring workers that the environment is safe for them yet they warn workers against revealing their negligence to the external stakeholders. The company has already been fined by the county inspector and requested to clean up the fallen asbestos. The county inspector further recommended the removal of asbestos or sealing of the pipes, but the company has refused to do so due to high cost involved in executing the recommendations. The ethical principles require individuals to be given an opportunity to exercise their autonomy of expressing their views and ideas regarding the issues affecting them (Anonymous, 18). In the case of Manly Construction Company, the workers have no autonomy to speak up their mind or enjoy better working conditions. The company’s management is forcing them to work in a risky environment by assuring them it is safe yet they do not the workers to share their views regarding the risk they are exposed to with external stakeholders. The company is acting unfairly by issuing threats to workers and by failing to protect workers against dangerous asbestos (Anonymous, 19). It is not in order for the organization to force employees to work in an environment that is likely to cause them health problems such as contracting cancerous diseases. This may result to disagreement between workers and employers since the only alternative for workers is to expose the malpractices of the company hence the workers may end up being fired from their jobs. The company is acting against the law since they have failed to rectify the issues that are posing threat to the workers despite the county inspector’s recommendations for the company to do so (Anonymous, 25). Fur thermore, the company is prohibiting the workers from sharing their experiences with corporate world since they are aware of the consequences it will pose to the company’s image. The main issue is balancing between the cost of mitigating the health hazard the current condition in the company is posing to the workers and wellbeing of the employees. The condition in Manly Construction Company affects both workers and the organization. The workers are exposed to cancerous diseases, while the organization has already been fined by county inspector and are likely to lose contracts in case they are exposed by their workers. If the workers suffer health problems the company will have to incur

Organization Diversification Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organization Diversification - Case Study Example Besix is one of the oldest construction companies and on the verge of completing its 100th year of operation as it was founded in 1909. Ever since then, it has through the above four factors impressively become the largest construction company of Belgium and diversified into almost every field related to construction projects nationally and world-wide. As a Group, Besix employs in excess of 12,000 people in its diversified operations and in the year 2005, its annual turnover was reported at an approximate figure of Euros 1 billion. With Besix's management's planning, organizing and controlling experience that it has gained through its years of construction related work, it has been able to internationally diversify primarily in construction, engineering and development of properties. The Group intends to become a leading player that will serve the Western and Central European markets from Belgium and the Middle East market from Dubai in the United Arab Emirates where it has expanded its construction business since 1967 and become among the region's top most contractors. Each of these subsidies is independently registered where they operate to meet the regulatory law of the countries where they carry out their business again independently but under a hierarchal order which eventually reports to t

Human-Resource Manager Interview Report Assignment

Human-Resource Manager Interview Report - Assignment Example The variables that influence his roles substantially include the store’s formulation of HR initiatives. Emphasizing that the structure of the store was determined by the number of employees, the interviewee expressly noted that the store and his roles employ a HR generalist outlook to administer its HR function areas for the business unit and the different employee teams (Conaty and Charan 34). In responding to the question on the structure of the business, and his office, specifically, he insisted that he prefer HR project teams for the different duties and the initiatives of the store, because they increased the accountability of employees. In a generalized way, he noted that there was limited reliance on cross-functional teams, which are often virtual, and where the HR plays the dominant role. Further, he noted that his office is designed in a way that explores and engages the other functions of the store, because that helps in making better team-based decisions (Conaty and Charan 74). The roles and the responsibilities of the interviewee – according to them – vary from day to day. The interviewee noted that everyday is a fully-engaged workload, where they engage in any or many of the following roles: employee hiring, employee training, reviewing and managing employee relations and firing employees for different reasons. Other roles and responsibilities revolve around the management of employee benefits, payroll review and management, administering employee follow-up and participating in organization-wide decision making meetings (Conaty and Charan 34). Above these roles and responsibilities, the interviewee reviews the human resources, to ensure that they have the required employees, and planning recruitment, where there are gaps. The officer engages in the 45-day review of new employees, together with the departmental managers, which helps improve their orientation and training. The greatest challenge to the HR manager and the organization as a who le is the management of the daily work load. This is a major area of a challenge for the interviewee; because he has to prioritize on the work to be done first, out of the huge load, and delegating other duties to departmental managers and staffs (Conaty and Charan 123). For example, he noted that, in the cases where there is a shortage of sales people, or an employee calls for a sick-leave. He is tasked with the challenge of finding a replacement that can meet the needs of the vacant office. The case becomes more challenging, when they have to call in, employees who are taking their off-days, because many of them are, usually, not willing to accept the duty. Hiring is also a challenge for the officer, because getting wrong candidates for the job can be disastrous to its progress. The most difficult decision they made, while working in the store, was that of reducing the bonuses offered to sales people and the employees in general. Following a detailed outlook of the financial posit ion of the business during the past six months, they had reviewed the financial outlook on the business, and noted that the profitability of the business was being adversely affected by the bonus plans (Conaty and Charan 44). The difficulty in the decision was major, because it was likely to force some employees to leave the business, and many others to lose morale and motivation. The interviewee reported that they liked the roles and the responsibilities of motivating their staffs, training new employees and allocating bonuses and other rewards to the employees. They noted that they liked that aspect, because it helps in tapping the full potential of the staffs. The areas that they dislike for the job are that of

Discussion 9 and 10 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion 9 and 10 - Coursework Example It has affected many different mechanisms in the way humans work and interact such as information gathering and information sharing. However, the advent of the Internet has also had many effects on the way that people think, they way that they structure their time, their perceptions and the manner in which they structure their interests. An example of this is social media, which is internet content that relies on content generated by users. Such social media includes websites such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and MySpace. For many the use of such sites has become a daily ritual, often supplanting things that they are meant to be doing, such as studying or working. This essay will examine the manner in which technology alters the structure of our interests in respect to the Internet and associated technologies. It will involve a in-depth review of the literature available, and if an unaddressed area still remains than a qualitative research method will be determined. References Cer uzzi, P. E. (2004). The "Problem" of Computer-Computer Communication, 1995-2000: A Technological Fix. In L. Rosner (Ed.), The Technological Fix (pp. 203-217). New York: Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.  Discussion Two For this I originally planned to ‘fast’ from using the Internet. ... As time progressed I found it much easier not to turn on the television and to find other activities. While the ‘fast’ was difficult at first and required a substantial amount of thought and effort to determine other activities I found that I learnt a lot about myself in the process. When I stopped the ‘fast’ I found that I did not watch television as much as before, preferring other activities, and it was not automatic for me to turn it on whenever I was in the same room. In retrospect, I found that fasting from one form of technology increased my use of other technologies. I had expected that stopping using television would increase the amount of time that I spent with other people and outdoors, but this was not the case. In general I found that I spend increased time on the Internet, although I did not watch online movies or television episodes as I considered this to be cheating the spirit of the fast. Instead I spent a lot of time on social networking s ites, especially Facebook, and playing games. I considered that this experiment provided an interesting demonstration of the role that technology plays in our lives. Even though I restricted myself from using one particular form of technology, I found that my use of another increased. It was difficult at first not to watch television, and I imagine it would be extremely difficult not to use any form of technology for pleasure even for a day. Technology has become extremely integrated in our lives and this was evident during my ‘fast’ from

Rosalind Franklin Essay Example for Free

Rosalind Franklin Essay When Watson came calling in January 1953, Wilkins revealed he had been quietly coping Franklins data. When Watson saw one of the photos, his mouth fell open. Ultimately, trial and error produced a working model of DNA, but the information they used was based on Franklins data. It was March 7, 1953 that Cricke announced to the patrons of a local pub, that he and his confrere had found the secret of life. (Parshall, 173) Soon after, the results were published into an article in Nature, along with a supporting article from Franklin. (Maisel, 1) Rosalind Franklin continued her previous work. She collaborated on studies of the structure of the tobacco Mosaic Virus and also helped determine that RNA is a single-stranded helical molecule. (Sayre, 1) While on a visit to the United States later in life, she experienced episodes of pain in her abdomen. In the autumn of 1956, she learned she had ovarian cancer. Franklin continued her research up until only a few weeks before her death on April 16, 1958 at the age of 37. (Sayre, 1) The Nobel Prize was awarded to Watson and Cricke, in 1962. Rosalind Franklin never received credit for the work she had accomplished with the structure of DNA. This prestigious award it cannot be given to the dead. Ironically Wilkins was also awarded for his collaboration with Watson and Cricke. The Nobel Committee credited him with Franklins stellar work as well as his own. (Parshell, 74) In Cricks view, If Franklin had lived, it would have been impossible to give the prize to Maurice and not to her, because she did the key experimental work. (Write, 172) Even though Rosalind Franklin is no longer alive, research continues due to her previous work. If the structure of DNA had not been discovered, biotechnology would not be where it is today. By 1952 it was known the DNA had an exclusive role, as the substance capable of storing all the information needed to create a living being. It is considered to be the fine line between the living and the nonliving. Watson went on to teach at Harvard and eventually headed the National Institutes of Healths Human Genome project. This Project was begun with the intention of mapping out every gene in a human, and eventually learn their functions. This is where the field of bioethics is introduced. Many beneficial things may result from this knowledge. For example, with this information we may be able to cure many diseases and birth defects. Studying how the DNA is altered to cause these conditions will help scientist develop what is necessary to prevent these things. This project was recently completed which caused the public to question where the line must be drawn. With this new information, a couple may be able to pre-select the gender of their baby or maybe even certain traits. The new question is, When has science gone too far? Even though the mapping of the human genome may bring enormous benefits, it can be assumed that someone will want to abuse this new knowledge. As always we must accept the good with the bad. Discovering the structure of DNA and thus how it is able to replicate has also made cloning possible. This was demonstrated with the sheep named Dolly. It was cloned using DNA extracted from an adult sheep and inserted into an unfertilized egg. This process could be very beneficial in the future. We may be able to keep certain species from becoming extinct. As with any other situation, there is also a negative side. What if people want to clone themselves? (As pictured in the movie Multiplicity) There is a fine line between what is ethical and can be allowed and what cannot. For example, it would be unethical for people to continue to clone themselves in an effort to elude death. (Assuming this would be possible. ) Would it be unethical the clone in order to produce needed tissues or a certain blood type? Without Rosalind Franklins work, this information would not have been discovered for at least several years until the technology caught up with the project. It is because of her work that we may one day be able to cure birth defects, cancer, or other genetically related diseases. Unfortunately she has not received the recognition she deserves for her contributions to the scientific field. She spent most of her short-lived life working in the laboratory and most biology classes do not attribute any of her hard work to her. She has greatly impacted the world and everyones future. Stephanie Luchenfield 1. Were there any parts of the Paper that need to be more clearly explained? (ie scientific terms)? I am familiar with scientific terms so I understood what you were talking about. 2. Did it adequately explain why she was such an important person in history? Yes 3. Was it easy to follow? I found a lot of it hard to follow mainly because there were some parts that felt like I was reading a textbook. 4. What was your favorite part of the paper? I liked the part when you really explain the cloning process on regular terms by related what you were talking about with the sheep and the movie. . It was also where she crossed paths with Maurice Wilkins. (maire, 1).

A Designer Profile Essay Example for Free

A Designer Profile Essay Erin Healy from Florida is the new Queen in the Fashion Industry. She is the champion of the highly coveted â€Å"Top-International-Upcoming-Designer† award. This happened in her latest showcase of designs known as by her name. The designs are stylish and have magnificent accomplishments. They are sparkling, classic and worn easily which explains the reason of their preference by most celebrities. A good example of celebrity clientele is Whitney Thompson America’s Top Model winner. The fact that Erin has three kids does not deter her from pursuing her lifetime dream. She is indeed a rising star and a new amazing talent of style. Her pieces are lustrous and modish which explains their popularity. Her latest collection is composed of cool flirty minuscule dresses decorated by fine hairs and fasten flowers. Healy also integrated elegant tops without straps and camisoles corresponding with shorts as well as coats. She really borrowed from nature by using colors of natural features, a bunch of foreign silk featuring animal stamps and textures. Source: http://www. examiner.om/x-6350-Miami-Fashion-Trends-Examiners~y2010m4d5- Emerging-Designer-Erin-Heasley-winner-of-the-Best-International-Emerging-Designer- of-the-Year The above illustrations are an assortment of a few of Erin Healy Designs in a showcase. Her designs have gained popularity after she scooped the award. According to the upcoming designer, fashion is the gorgeous art that expresses a character and vigor of a person through dressing. She described Miami’s fashion as thrilling. It is full of style, a fit for everyone and it is fashion frontward. She discovered her talent in fashion design while she was still in secondary school. She started by designing own dresses and for friends. Her style descends from a lady with a passion of refined and stylish look. Her favorite models that she enjoys working with locally include; Jordan Healy her daughter and Erin’s friend Lauren Rossi both in Jacksonville. In Miami is Jesika Marcano. Responding to a question on design process, Erin says that is no distinct process. It usually advances from a simple idea that comes to the designer in strange ways like dreams. Immediately an idea comes, she sketches out before she even explores the fabric option. In other cases the type of fabric generates the design. Her favorite designers include; ad Ghandour, L. A. M. B, Coco Chanel and Eduardo de las Casas. Her designs are available at a private showroom Gallery in the Artistree and to her what matters most the confidence on the women that wear her design. The choice of Miami to showcase her design is out of love and passion for the place. She loves the residents, the culture and style. That is why she participated in the Miami International Fashion Week emerging winner challenge and made it to the three top finalists. Miami has helped her to develop her career in a very special way for it is here that her designs came to the limelight. The preparation of a fashion show according to the top designer involves some simple steps. First, develop the story, choose a photographer and settle on the location. Secondly, decide on the make up designers and hair style experts, and prepare a procession of models as well as casting. Thirdly, she will plan a decent and collaborate with other experts to accomplish the glance. Finally is to toil with a renowned DJ and fashion show expert to prepare a fun filled and memorable event full of classy and elegant features. Works Cited Gelhar, Mary. The Fashion Designer Survival Guide. New York: Kaplan Publishing, 2008. Henry, Christine. Emerging Designer: Erin Heasley. Miami Fashion. Retrieved on July 23, 2010 from http://www. examiner. com/x-6350-Miami-Fashion-Trends-Examiners~y2010m4d5- Emerging-Designer-Erin-Heasley-winner-of-the-Best-International-Emerging-Designer- of-the-Year.

Charles the Great: Should Charlemagne be called great?

Charles the Great: Should Charlemagne be called great? Charlemagne has from his time of rule between the years 768 to 814 left a marked and undeniable impression upon the historical world, encouraging global and timeless debate as to whether he warrants his image as the Father of a Continent.  [1]  Throughout the duration of my project I intend to explore the concept of Charlemagne as a great man by looking at the historiography surrounding him, considering his actions and seeing whether they justify his magnificent reputation. This question has attracted much scholarly debate both during and since the time of Charlemagne and I hope to display how the historians have interpreted Charlemagnes title, and whether their opinions have changed as time has progressed and their research has developed. I will consider three main areas of his reign which have in my opinion instigated the most discussion. The first will be his constant involvement in warfare and the achievements and failures he attained and endured as a result. The second will look at the disintegration  [2]  theory, calling into question the capability and effectiveness of Charlemagnes government and administration, and consequently his ability as a ruler. The final area of deliberation will question the significance of the imperial title, and how he came to acquire such a prestigious title, encompassing his policies of education and reformation. I will attempt to find historians that both agree and disagree with all themes. In addition to these main points that I hope to also observe Charlemagnes involvement with finance and legislation, including his relationship with the church, all of which I hope will provide me with enough evidence from historians by which I can determine whether Charlemagnes reputation ca n be defended or not. The German historian, Franà §ois-Louis Ganshof who was writing in the late twentieth- century, is very explicit in his opinion that Charlemagnes kingdom and rule decomposed shortly after 800, mostly as a result of the inadequacies of his army. According to him it was Charlemagnes death which actually helped to save his reputation from disgrace, as he suggests that had he lived any longer the defeats he would have endured would have been especially damaging.  [3]  There are many scholars who directly oppose this line of thought however, particularly Donald Bullough who was writing around the same time as Ganshof and professed that by the time of his death in 814 Charlemagne was the most powerful Christian ruler in the world  [4]  These differences of opinion felt around the same time demonstrate how varied the debate is upon Charlemagne and whether he truly deserved his magnificent title, which has survived and been upheld throughout the ages. The Frankish kingdom under Charlemagne was, indeed, very powerful, and by 814 Charlemagne had many over-sea territories under his firm control. This however was not always the case, and throughout his 40 year reign, Charlemagne was confronted with much unrest. Roger Collins, writing in 1998 tells us that Charless Saxon wars were the most protracted and most bitterly fought of the numerous campaigns of his reign, having begun in 772 and continuing until 804, with repercussions still being felt thereafter.  [5]  There is no general consensus to be found which agrees that he Charlemagne was wholly successful or not in the different areas of his rule, but I hope to see whether time, situation or perhaps agenda of the historians are valuable enough evidence for the continued debate as to whether Charlemagne was a great man. The reputation of kings and leaders is often measured in terms of the amount of land gained throughout a reign or time in power. In terms of Charlemagne, this again opens up new avenues of great historical debate. Was the expansion of territory during his reign extensive enough to justify his repute as the most powerful Christian ruler in the world? Many historians disagree that it was, and R. Schieffer confirms that after years of apparently unstoppable rise, the limits of Carolingian power suddenly became apparent  [6]  around the time of the year 800. Alongside Schieffer, reasons for this opinion centred upon Charlemagnes inability to expand his territories significantly into Spain or into the eastern empire. For example, The Royal Frankish Annals, described as the most unassuming work of history written during this age  [7]  , tells us in 782 that Charlemagnes army were killed almost to a man when the Saxons, persuaded by Widukindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ rebelled as usual.  [8]à ‚  This does not suggest a successful army led by a great warrior king. In addition debate on this topic has been largely focussed around the substantial lacking of a competent and willing army, as H. Fichtenau suggests, The poorer people complained that they were compelled to render almost continuous military service until they were completely impoverished.  [9]  This also informs us that Charlemagnes subjects were coerced into fighting for their king, possibly questioning his reputation at the time and skill as a military leader. In this sense, it is easy to argue that Charlemagne does not deserve the brilliant reputation that he has been remembered for. Fichtenau continues in suggesting that Charlemagne cared very little about his people to make them do continuous military service which may be a reason why he could not easily raise an army. Is this the attitude of a great leader, in response to the terms of the treatment of Charlemagnes service men? T. Reuter completely disagrees with Fichtenau suggesting that warriors were well looked after, bene fiting from gifts of food, clothing, gold, and silver, horses and arms  [10]  . This reveals a competent leader aware of the people serving under his name and rewarding them justly. Charlemagne managed to conqueror a substantial amount of Italy and hold on to what he had when faced with attempted invasion, in particular against the Saracens and troublesome Saxons. Einhard recorded that Ganshof, whose view upon Charlemagne is often critical, even records that; outstanding achievements, which can scarcely be matched by modern men.  [11]  Certainly the achievements that Charlemagne enjoyed in wartime are abetting as a part of his great remembrance. There is certainly much to suggest that Charlemagne did deserve his reputation in relation to his triumphs on the battlefield. His acquirement of the Avar treasure in 791 and the invasion and subjugation of the land of Bavaria to his rule where remarkable high points in his reign of warfare; Becher goes on to tell us that with Bavaria, Charlemagne acquired a new and apparently powerful neighbour,  [12]  which would assist him in advancing his reputation across the continent. Bullough is in cohorts with Becher on this opinion as he claims that Charles reputation and prestige among his neighbours had clearly not diminished as advancing years forced him to leave the command of armies in battle to others.  [13]  Agreeing with this view is Collins who adds in his work, which offers an essentially political account of the major developments of Charles reign  [14]  , that Charless naval activities in his final period are particularly notable, and saw the Carolingian Empire turned into a major maritime power.  [15]  In my opinion, Charlemagne did well to defend his kingdom successfully and expand to cushion his existing borders. Ganshof shows that he was a well renowned man and admired by other kings from neighbouring territories. I believe that Charlemagne not only managed to maintain his inherited lands, which is a great achievement in itself considering the vastness of the kingdom, but managed to build and gain land and respect, with which comes great reputation. His role in warfare suggests that he was a great and distinguished military leader and it would appear that his victories and skill in battle is one of the few topics where the historians generally agree that it enhanced his reputation amongst his peers and beyond. The argument of the decomposition  [16]  theory, chiefly driven by Ganshofs, has also encouraged much contest between historians, both historically and modern. Charlemagnes final years, chiefly following the Imperial Coronation of 800, are characterised by Ganshof as being dominated by a process of disintegration. It is my view that this idea holds a certain truth to it, demonstrated particularly in the aftermath of Charlemagne receiving the imperial title, but only to a certain extent. There were arguably some areas of his rule that experienced some level of limitations post-800, particularly his administrative apparatus, his military successes and also his Imperial Programme. Ganshof sets the parameter for this issue, although he does also indicate that there was a Balance Sheet,  [17]  implying that he did not believe that there was either uniform failure or success. He does often mention, however, that any successes Charles managed to achieve, mainly concerning his foreig n and internal policies, were in his mind, notably disappointing,  [18]  holding an overall picture of failure. Opposing this idea, King states that the Emperor had coped perfectly satisfactorily in his last years,  [19]  supported by Collins who adds that he believes that Ganshofs judgement seems mistaken.  [20]   Charlemagnes government is one of the most disputed aspects within his reign. Many historians agree that the way in which he orchestrated his government was poor, including Matthew Innes who declares that the lack of attention to the nuts and bolts of administration and to the mechanisms by which Charlemagne was able to govern à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is striking  [21]  . His point is furthered in saying that some historians have gone so far to claim that the Carolingians lacked any clearly defined concept of the state  [22]  . In the last years of Charlemagnes reign for example, the Carolingian state had symptoms of bad government  [23]  . The idea argued by Ganshof that the last reigning years suffered decomposition would surely suggest that Charlemagne does not deserve his great reputation. Ganshof states that Charlemagnes achievements in the last years fell short of those envisaged in 802  [24]  We know that during 801-814 for example there are instances of malfunctioning of public services  [25]  of which the capitularies year after year denounce the same abuses  [26]  . The capitularies created under Charlemagne often had to be re-issued, and we may infer from this that perhaps he did not have the authority which would ensure his requests were carried out. Fichtenau maintains that it cannot be denied that Charles the great failed to solve this problem  [27]  . Donald Bullough is in agreement with this point as he does not feel confident that either Charles or his close advisers had developed a clear and consistent attitude to the empire in the east.  [28]  Davis who was writing in the late 1920s confirms that the capitularies and his commissions produced the merest ripples on the surface of the deep waters of customary law.  [29]  His work predominantly focuses on the belief that the very name by which [Charlemagne] is best known is the product of French invention  [30]  with a view to link themselves with greatness, rather than a result of Charlemagnes prominence. The majority of the criticism directed at Charlemagnes government foc uses around the years after 800, however Charlemagne managed to achieve great things such as managing to make his subjects take an oath of fidelity taken in the name of the emperor  [31]  which Ganshof describes as new and imperial  [32]  . Perhaps even more importantly he created a new codification of law which insisted upon creating a written record of laws for the first time. Therefore it is evident that the government serving under Charlemagne did manage to do great and commendable things. It was from the government that Charlemagne managed to patronize the arts, and scholarship and learning. Although there were negatives within the government, I believe the achievements far outweigh them. The Imperial Coronation is a major event in Charlemagnes rule and yet another area which has induced forcible disagreement amongst historians since its occasion in 800. The main argument is centred on the significance of the title in relation to the rest of his rule, and calls into question his role as protector of the Church among other factors. With the imperialization of Charlemagne  [33]  in 800, many historians have questioned whether Charlemagne changed the way he ruled after his coronation. The areas on this question chiefly explored throughout history are multi faceted, but I have identified three main parts to examine. These include changes that were implemented in the government, if any, Charlemagnes personal outlook on the title, and his role as protector of the Church. It is interesting to see how much, or indeed, how little, these three constituents changed after the Imperial coronation of 25th December, 800. We can identify certain techniques that Charlemagne employed in order to carry out his will. In 802 he called a council at Aachen and dispatched his missi in order to examine the religious and moral state of affairs throughout the kingdom. Wilson described his government as a strong, centralised government [with] internal stability  [34]  , which leads us to believe that he was powerful enough to impose any changes effectively upon his dominions. Historians have claimed in their work that there were also changes to the content and style of capitularies after 800. The most famous and extensive of capitularies were the Admonitio Generalis, 789, the Herstal of 799, and capitulary produced at Aachen in 802, dubbed as the Programmatic Capitulary by Ganshof. Historian King tells us how each of these capitularies are released following much unrest in Charlemagnes kingdom, and that most of the rulings are concerned with canon law, monastic life and the like.  [35]  It is to be noted however, that these things are indeed recurrent theme[s with] the problems dealt with in 802 or 789 or 779  [36]  and the ideas are simply repeated over time. Collins informs us that the Admonitio Generalis we can see Charlemagne explicitly claiming responsibility for the moral and spiritual welfare of his realm  [37]  . The content was greatly influenced by a range of councils dating back from the fourth to sixth centuries, and therefore much of it was repetition of ideas and wishes from over the years. Although this is true, Collins admits that the concluding regulationsrepresent new injunctions  [38]  and have not been taken from any earlier documents. Nevertheless no dramatic change in content can be seen. King adds that the previously sought goals in the capitularies had not been altered: order, justice, piety, peace, concord, each conceived in Christian terms, each expressive of Gods will.  [39]  Despite this, we are told that these issues were sought the more determinedly  [40]  by Charlemagne after 800. In opposition to King and Collins, Ganshof argues that in face there was a significant change to the content and style of the capitularies after 800, and also the way in which Charlemagne thought perceived them. He interprets the 802 capitulary issued from Aachen as a bid to create a Christian republic on earth under Charlemagnes authority. He puts particular emphasis on the way it is written, and how some passages are in first person which he claimed was unusual. The parts in first person may be interpreted as issues which Charlemagne held most dear to him, and Ganshof argues that this is due to the Emperor being driven by Imperial responsibility.  [41]  The introduction of the capitulary refers to Charlemagnes intentions of sending out missi, to spread the word of god and encourage people to obey him, and Ganshof uses this as evidence of an Imperial programme of rule. The oath of fidelity is a particularly significant feature of the Programmatic Capitulary, the counterpart to t he Emperors recognition of his own enhanced obligations before God.  [42]  Two years after his coronation, it appears that Charlemagne imposed a greater insistence on the strict enforcement of the established laws  [43]  , and possibly the most significant detail is that the oath was to be taken in the name of the Emperor, not the King. Ganshof implied that a distinction is being made between the Imperial and former royal title. He adds that the language used to draw out the oath in the capitulary is explicitly more spiritual, and this distinguishes it from other oaths sworn in the 890s with Charlemagne as king. I believe that the debate to Ganshofs argument rests in the suggestion that perhaps the sixty-year-old Emperor  [44]  was simply becoming increasingly more aware of his old age. Charlemagne greatly desired salvation and in order to ensure this he knew his responsibility to his people and their beliefs was an important constituent which would seal his fate. Perhaps Charlemagnes focus in his capitularies came more from the anxieties of an old man for awareness of passing years  [45]  , and not as a direct result of his Imperial Coronation, as Ganshof has suggested. Perhaps Charlemagne perceived the Imperial title as a way to enforce other wishes more firmly as Wallace-Hadrill claims that the imperial title meant little or nothing to him outside Rome.  [46]  For example, with his newly acquired status he was able to claim that there were religious dimensions to his military campaigns, which would encourage more people to serve him. Davis tells how Charlemagne; did not go out of his way to seek the Imperial dignity, but accepted it as a responsibility which could not be refused; he employed it, not as a stepping-stone to further aggrandisement, but to legalise power already acquired, to allay the purposeless strife of race against race within his existing dominions, to evoke the consciousness of spiritual brotherhood which afterwards proved so mighty a factor in European development.  [47]   Wallace Hadrill confirms that Charlemagne was fight[ing] for the faith  [48]  , and not solely because of his newly adorned title. In addition, this supremacy enabled him to crown his son Louis, which he hoped would secure his legacy after his death. I believe that the greatest significance of the Imperial coronation lies in the debate as to whether Charlemagnes attitude towards the Church changed after 800. In my personal opinion, there is much evidence from many of the historians which suggests that it did, but still there lies a counter argument. I believe that following the coronation in Rome Charlemagne recognised his responsibilities to God and pursued them with a driving passion  [49]  , and his ambition to create a truly Christian society  [50]  was substantially magnified. There is much evidence to suggest that this is exactly what Charlemagne thought God required of him, and the fact that he was crowned on Christs birthday is appropriate to this. It adds to the belief that Charlemagne saw himself as Christs representative upon earth, and because of this, saw himself as Gods worker among men. The Paderborn Epic  [51]  also may hold evidence to this claim, as the poem refers to Charlemagne as an instrument of St. Peter. The oath of fidelity, released with the capitulary of 802, has been said to have been re-phrased to give it a more religious character and was the counterpart to the Emperors recognition of his own enhanced obligations before God.  [52]   After 800, Charlemagne became worthy of the highest secular dignity that existed under God, and we know that he also continuously claimed responsibility forthe spiritual welfare of his realm.  [53]  Was this however completely owing to the coronation or due to his awareness of an approaching death as an old man? There are continuous implications suggesting that Charles had a terrible awareness that Gods judgment will be conditioned by the conduct of his subjects  [54]  and in his remaining months he spent his time in prayer and alms-giving and spent some of his last hours in correcting books.  [55]  Perhaps therefore this priority of religion had more to do with his hopes for personal redemption and salvation from God, and to attain this, he knew he had to do Gods bidding, and spread the word of Christianity for a Christian republic on Earth. Also toward the end of his reign we know he arranged for the distribution of the treasures and silveramong the twenty-one metropoli tan churches that now existed in his empirefor the good of his soul.  [56]  Nevertheless, it remains certain that Charlemagne was concerned with the problems of the Church and thought it was his duty to protect with his whole mind.  [57]  It is evident that his struggles with Saxony were primarily due to their resistance of Christianity, in preference of paganism. It remains uncertain as to whether his increased Christian mission in his last years were more due to the coronation, and his recognition of being the protector of the church, or simply due to his hopes for salvation after death. Becher however tell us that in gaining the Imperial title, Charlemagne achieved his goal of standing at the head of the Christian world.  [58]   Charlemagne is presented as a king of well-rounded ability and his patronage of the arts compliments his government and religious advances particularly well. The capturing of the Avar treasure meant there was a greater disposable income and as a result of the influx of income patronage of the arts, encouraging scholarship and learning amongst his people, soars in his period. Fichtenau and Wallace-Hadrill suggest there was no significant push in the development of the arts for the first few years in Charlemagnes sovereignty. Rosamond McKitterick continues to say that the patronage of learning could be regarded as one of the obligations of royalty,  [59]  perhaps suggesting that it was not something newly enforced by Charlemagne. On the other hand, she then suggests that his patronage was designed to promote his royal power as a Christian king and to consolidate the faith  [60]  which is shown by the creation of the two schools; the peripatetic school, which Charlemagne travell ed with, and the Hofschule, his court school. Most of the courts activities revolved around religion and the Hofschule even created a new addition to the gospels.  [61]  In addition, Charlemagne began to commission paintings such as the Al Fresco which still survives today in the chapel in Frankia. It overlooks the vault and illustrates Christ sitting in majesty. This represents to us a recurring theme that the arts tended to reflect; Charlemagnes comparison to Christ. Charlemagne however seemed to show a genuine interest in the developments of the arts as he was very interested in music and what was sung in his chapel.  [62]  Charlemagne used his patronage of the arts to improve the image in which other people saw him and successively improve his reputation. Einhard, a dedicated scholar who served both under Charlemagne and Louis the Pious claimed that the Kingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ was a very intelligent man.  [63]  Rosamond McKitterick suggests that it was a period of remark able efflorescence of culture initiated by Charlemagne  [64]  which is shown by the influx of poetry, art, and books produced during his reign. This can allow us to understand more clearly why the scholars in Charlemagnes era were eager to help the king; scholars from all around the globe sought to help him, including Alcuin of York and Paul the Deacon from Italy. The ability to summon such great men from other kingdoms suggests the reputation that preceded Charlemagne. His devotion to scholarly texts, prayer and almsgiving shows the depths of Charlemagnes faith and his desire and motivation to improve his subjects lives. Personally I think that this is an invaluable insight into the character of the king, as we are able to see how driven and determined Charlemagne was to both better the lives of his people, but also his personal reflection of what his duties meant to him. Charlemagnes attention to the arts tended to be quite extravagant and we may infer that he looked upon the subject as a form of propaganda. It suggests that he was very astute in his decision-making of what to commission in order to improve his reputation. It is clear to see that Charlemagne reputes himself with great integrity and achievement and his accomplishments were of great merit. The viewpoints regarding Charlemagnes claim to greatness are of great variation. Finding the distinction between a myth and a truly remarkable man has been difficult to determine throughout the scope of work available to me. Many historians, including Richard Winston who was writ

Ulysses S. Grant Essay -- essays research papers

Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant was an American general and 18th president of the United States. Grant was born in Point Pleasant, Ohio, on April 27, 1822, the son of Hannah Simpson and Jesse Grant, the owner of a tannery. Taken to nearby Georgetown at the age of one, he was educated in local and boarding schools. In 1839, under the name of Ulysses Simpson instead of his original Hiram Ulysses, he was appointed to West Point. Graduating 21st in a class of 39 in 1843, he was assigned to Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. There he met Julia Dent, a local planter's daughter, whom he married after the Mexican War. During the Mexican War, Grant served under both General Zachary Taylor and General Winfield Scott and distinguished himself, particularly at Molina del Rey and Chapultepec. After his return and tours of duty in the North, he was sent to the Far West. In 1854, while stationed at Fort Humboldt, California, â€Å"Grant resigned his commission because of loneliness and drinking problems, and in the following years he engaged in generally unsuccessful farming and business ventures in Missouri.†(Grant Moves South, 18) He moved to Galena, Illinois, in 1860, where he became a clerk in his father's leather store. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Grant was appointed colonel, and soon afterward brigadier general, of the Illinois Volunteers, and in September 1861 he seized Paducah, Kentucky. After an indecisive raid on Belmont, Missouri, he gained fame when in February 1862, in conjunction with the navy; he succeeded in reducing Forts Henry and Donelson, Tennessee, forcing General Simon B. Buckner to accept unconditional surrender. The Confederates surprised Grant at Shiloh, but he held his ground and then moved on to Corinth. In 1863 he established his reputation as a strategist in the brilliant campaign against Vicksburg, Mississippi, which took place on July 4. After being appointed commander in the West, he defeated Braxton Bragg at Chattanooga. Grant's victories made him so prominent that he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general and in February 1864 was given command of all Union armies. Grant's following campaigns revealed his determination to apply merciless pressure against the Confederacy by coordinating the Union armies and exploiting the economic strength of the North. While Grant accompanied the Army of the Potomac in its ov... ...n scheme to purchase Santo Domingo. Thereafter, however, Secretary of State Hamilton Fish established a distinguished record by settling outstanding difficulties with Great Britain with the Treaty of Washington in 1871, and keeping the country clear of the Cuban rebellion against Spain. After retiring from the presidency, Grant took a long trip around the world. Returning in 1879, he became an unsuccessful candidate for the presidential nomination, which went to James A. Garfield. In 1881 Grant moved to New York City, where he became a partner in the Wall Street firm of Grant and Ward; â€Å"he was close to ruin when the company collapsed in 1884.†(Ulysses S. Grant: A Politician, 45) To provide for his family, he wrote his memoirs while fighting cancer of the throat; he died at Mount Gregor, New York, on July 23, 1885.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A military genius, Grant possessed the vision to see that modern warfare requires total application of military and economic strength and was thus able to lead the Union to victory. In civilian life, however, he was unable to provide the leadership necessary for a growing industrial nation, even though he always retained the affection of the American public. Ulysses S. Grant Essay -- essays research papers Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant was an American general and 18th president of the United States. Grant was born in Point Pleasant, Ohio, on April 27, 1822, the son of Hannah Simpson and Jesse Grant, the owner of a tannery. Taken to nearby Georgetown at the age of one, he was educated in local and boarding schools. In 1839, under the name of Ulysses Simpson instead of his original Hiram Ulysses, he was appointed to West Point. Graduating 21st in a class of 39 in 1843, he was assigned to Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. There he met Julia Dent, a local planter's daughter, whom he married after the Mexican War. During the Mexican War, Grant served under both General Zachary Taylor and General Winfield Scott and distinguished himself, particularly at Molina del Rey and Chapultepec. After his return and tours of duty in the North, he was sent to the Far West. In 1854, while stationed at Fort Humboldt, California, â€Å"Grant resigned his commission because of loneliness and drinking problems, and in the following years he engaged in generally unsuccessful farming and business ventures in Missouri.†(Grant Moves South, 18) He moved to Galena, Illinois, in 1860, where he became a clerk in his father's leather store. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Grant was appointed colonel, and soon afterward brigadier general, of the Illinois Volunteers, and in September 1861 he seized Paducah, Kentucky. After an indecisive raid on Belmont, Missouri, he gained fame when in February 1862, in conjunction with the navy; he succeeded in reducing Forts Henry and Donelson, Tennessee, forcing General Simon B. Buckner to accept unconditional surrender. The Confederates surprised Grant at Shiloh, but he held his ground and then moved on to Corinth. In 1863 he established his reputation as a strategist in the brilliant campaign against Vicksburg, Mississippi, which took place on July 4. After being appointed commander in the West, he defeated Braxton Bragg at Chattanooga. Grant's victories made him so prominent that he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general and in February 1864 was given command of all Union armies. Grant's following campaigns revealed his determination to apply merciless pressure against the Confederacy by coordinating the Union armies and exploiting the economic strength of the North. While Grant accompanied the Army of the Potomac in its ov... ...n scheme to purchase Santo Domingo. Thereafter, however, Secretary of State Hamilton Fish established a distinguished record by settling outstanding difficulties with Great Britain with the Treaty of Washington in 1871, and keeping the country clear of the Cuban rebellion against Spain. After retiring from the presidency, Grant took a long trip around the world. Returning in 1879, he became an unsuccessful candidate for the presidential nomination, which went to James A. Garfield. In 1881 Grant moved to New York City, where he became a partner in the Wall Street firm of Grant and Ward; â€Å"he was close to ruin when the company collapsed in 1884.†(Ulysses S. Grant: A Politician, 45) To provide for his family, he wrote his memoirs while fighting cancer of the throat; he died at Mount Gregor, New York, on July 23, 1885.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A military genius, Grant possessed the vision to see that modern warfare requires total application of military and economic strength and was thus able to lead the Union to victory. In civilian life, however, he was unable to provide the leadership necessary for a growing industrial nation, even though he always retained the affection of the American public.

Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates in AFrican Americans Essay

Cancer Incidence and Mortality of African Americans in Texas Cancer is a large classification of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Undetected and uncontrolled, it can ultimately result in death. Causes of cancer can be categorized into three factors: external (chemicals, tobacco smoke, radiation, viruses), internal (hormones, immune conditions, genetics) and lifestyle (tobacco and alcohol use, unprotected sun exposure, poor nutrition, physical inactivity). Many cancers can be cured if detected and treated promptly, and many others prevented by lifestyle changes. In 2004, it was estimated that more than 1.3 million people in the United States would be diagnosed with cancer. In Texas alone, it was estimated that approximately 85,000 individuals will be diagnosed with cancer in 2004, and another 37,000 will die from the disease (Table 1). Four cancer sites account for more than half of the cancer that affect Texans, lining up with the national incidences and mortality sites. These include lung and bronchus, colorectal, breast (female), and prostate cancer. Together these four sites account for approximately 41,900 new cases of cancer diagnosed and 16,900 cancer deaths in Texans. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States and is expected to become the leading cause of death within the next decade. Cancer also is the second leading cause of death in Texas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While cancer affects all people, studies have shown that this disease does not subscribe to â€Å"equal opportunity† mandates; varied distributions appear when cases are tallied by gender, age, race and economic groups, usually to the disadvantage of the minority in each instance. In Texas, African American men are diagnosed with cancer in higher numbers in comparison to their Non-Hispanic White and Hispanic counterparts. The mortality rates are 1.5 times greater than Non-Hispanic Whites and 2.0 times more than Hispanic males in Texas for the top five sites (larynx, prostate, stomach, myeloma and oral cavity.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many factors that contribute to the increased cancer risk that African American men and women sustain. Three to be discussed further will be economic, social, and cultural. All three on their own are significant enough to separate the African American population by percenta... ...Pla has treated individuals for eating disorders and has noted that her white patients were more concerned with thinness, where her black patients were more eating and binging to feel better.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While health organizations are focusing their campaigns on the convenience and importance of cancer screening procedures, the African American population is still disproportionately suffering from cancer incidence and mortality. Not until early detection is common place will the numbers change, especially with the African American elderly population expected to increase by 160% over the next quarter of a century. Works Sited Texas: Cancer Facts & Figures 2004- American Cancer Society, Texas Division, 2004 Texas Department of Health, Cancer Registry Division. Average Annual Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates, Age-Adjusted (2000 U.S. population). 26 March 2005 National Cancer Institute. Cancer Health Disparities: Fact Sheet. April 21, 2002. 21 March 2005. http://www.nci.nih.gov/newscenter/healthdisparities United Way of the Texas Gulf Coast. Senior Reference Guide:Older African-Americans . 26 March 2005. http://www.unitedwayhouston.org/looking/sr_17b.html

Frankenstein Compared to Paradise Lost :: essays research papers

In the novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelley intertwines an intricate web of allusions through her characters' insatiable desires for knowledge. Both the actions of Frankenstein, as well as his creature allude to John Milton?s epic poem Paradise Lost. The legendary Fall of Adam and Eve introduced the knowledge of good and evil into a previously immaculate world. In one split second sin was birthed, and the perfection of the earth was swept away, leaving anguish and iniquity in its ramification. The troubles of Victor Frankenstein began with his quest for knowledge, and, end where both pieces end: death. The characters in Frankenstein are a collection of those in Paradise Lost. Frankenstein parallels Eve in the Garden of Eden in that they would do whatever it takes to gain the knowledge of all things. While, the Creature corresponds to Satan because they both wanted to break free from their creators and receive a chance at their own decisions. In Chapter 15 of Frankenstein, Shelley alludes to Paradise Lost in order to establish a connection between the Creature and Adam, when the Creature tries to 'sympathize with [his] feelings and cheer [his] gloom.' However, he then realizes that it was all a 'dream, no Eve soothed [his] sorrows, nor shared [his] thoughts, [he] was alone.' The creature meets with the fact that Frankenstein abandoned him, and ?in the bitterness of [his] heart [he] cursed him.' Yet, earlier in Chapter 10, Shelley suggests an affiliation between the Creature and Satan. He feels like a 'fallen angel, whom thou drivest from misjoy.' Both Satan and the Creature make a v ow to destroy something good. In Book I, Satan vows to 'seek to bring forth evil' out of good. Similarly, the Creature declares that 'if [he] cannot inspire love, [he] will cause fear. This network of characters aids the reader in identifying the intertextuality of the two pieces. In the beginning of Frankenstein, Victor was warned of the consequences of his gluttony, whereas Satan swooped under Eve?s radar and deceived her into a desire too strong to give up. Frankenstein exclaimed the even though so much has been done, scientifically, ?more, far more, will be achieved,? and he will ?explore unknown powers.? This aspiration devoured Victor to the point that he didn?t know when to quit. Nothing caused the need for this creature, it did not advance science in any way, it only led to Victor?s eventual and inevitable death.

African Allele Essay

It is a fact that Central Africa is a rural area while the United States is highly urbanized. This means that diseases are more prominent in the African territory, one of which is the malaria. This widespread illness caused evolution to favor a type of change in the human body to protect it from the deadly virus. This protection is the heterozygous make up of the hemoglobin gene, where one allele is the abnormal one that causes sickle-cell anemia. When comparing three types of persons, one with homozygous normal alleles, another with a heterozygous pair, and finally one with a homozygous pair of abnormal alleles, those with the heterozygous pair would have the greatest chance of surviving the conditions of Africa. Having a pair of normal alleles would not save a human from malaria infection, and having a pair of abnormal alleles would cause sickle-cell anemia that can also kill the patient. Thus, in places such as Africa, the population has quite a number of people having the heterozygous hemoglobin gene. The lower number of sickle-cell allele carriers in the United States can be attributed to two main reasons. First, malaria is not as prominent in the United States as it is in Africa. People then did not adapt that much and this abnormal allele haven’t evolved that much. Another is the intermarriage between Africans and Americans. If an African, who carries the sickle-cell allele, would marry an American having a homozygous healthy gene, their children would only have a 50% chance of getting that trait, as compared to an African-African marriage (both heterozygous sickle-cell alleles), where the chance of getting the allele is 75%.

Ansys Tutorial Release 12.1

ANSYS tutorial write 12. 1 structural & Thermal Analysis utilization the ANSYS Rel succor 12. 1 Environment Kent L. Lawrence Mechanical and Aerospace design University of Texas at Arlington SDC PUBLICATIONS www. SDCpublications. com Schroff Development Corporation rag the following websites to learn more(prenominal) nigh this book ANSYS tutorial 2-1 Lesson 2 mo non matchless vehemence shroud discrepancy 2-1 OVERVIEW skim every posture tune and monotonic song b separates atomic count 18 an important subclass of general bingle- threesomedimensional tasks. The tutorials in this lesson demonstrate Solving planar focal evince cin whiz casentration capers. Evaluating potential inaccuracies in the upshots. Using the respective(a) ANSYS 2D grammatical constituent formulations. 2-2 INTRODUCTION It is feasible for an object glassive lens a good deal(prenominal) as the angiotensin-converting enzyme on the cover of this book to spend a penny stylus of life over six parcels of sift when subjected to ar srary third-dimensional encumbranceings. When quotationd to a Cartesian consecrate system these comp unmatchednts of filtrate atomic topic 18 popular painses ?x, ? y, ? z Shear linees ?xy, ? yz, ? zx exemplar 2-1 formes in 3 dimensions. In general, the analytic thinking of such objects requires three-dimensional determineing as discussed in Lesson 4.However, cardinal-dimensional assumes argon often easier to develop, easier to discharge and brush off be employed in m some(prenominal) situations if they atomic t anyy 50 accurately match the behavior of the object under loading. 2-2 ANSYS tutorial A terra firma of two-dimensional emphasise exists in a thin object fill up in the level of its largest dimensions. permit the X-Y plane be the plane of analysis. The non- zilch focal pointes ? x, ? y, and ? xy finesse in the X Y plane and do not neuter in the Z mode. except, the other judgees (? z,? yz , and ? zx ) be twain zero for this kind of geometry and loading.A thin radiate loaded in its plane and a spur gear in additionth ar full fashion models of plane attempt difficultys. ANSYS plys a 6- inspissation planar angular instalment on with 4- customer and 8-node m some(prenominal)-sided bring outs for enforce in the discipline of plane distort specimens. We entrust function both trilaterals and quads in antecedent of the example problems that follow. 2-3 nursing home WITH CENTRAL HOLE To start off, lets cultivate a problem with a shaftn ancestor so that we back end check our projectd results as considerably as our understanding of the FEM process. The problem is that of a elastic-loaded thin nursing homeful with a fundamental slew as shown in work out 2-2. mental image 2-2 Plate with r everyy deal. The 1. 0 m x 0. 4 m scurf has a onerousness of 0. 01 m, and a substitution hole out 0. 2 m in diameter. It is made of steel with ge nuine properties spring ilk modulus, E = 2. 07 x 1011 N/m2 and Poissons ratio, ? = 0. 29. We apply a even tensile loading in the form of a obligate p = -1. 0 N/m2 a great the erect bump intos of the home office. Beca drill holes be engageful for fasteners such as bolts, rivets, and so forth the hire to k at one time speech patternes and de coiffureions snuggle them occurs very often and has received a great deal of study.The results of these studies be widely produce, and we trick look up the attempt preoccupancy factor for the pillowcase shown preceding(prenominal). Before the advent of qualified enumeration methods, the printing of most complex form intentness geometries had to be evaluated experiment every last(predicate)y, and m whatsoever useable charts were unquestionable from experimental results. The provide, homogeneous plate above is symmetric about horizontal axes in both geometry and loading. This means that the state of nisus and deformation infra a shave sample / level(p) strive 2-3 orizontal centerline is a mirror compass of that above the centerline, and samewise for a perpendicular centerline. We back take advantage of the par whollyelism and, by applying the correct boundary conditions, use only a tie of the plate for the finite particle model. For wee problems development symmetry may not be withal important for large problems it git save simulate and solution efforts by eliminating one- half or a quarter or more of the work. Place the out-of-the-way(prenominal)m animal of X-Y coordinates at the center of the hole. If we pull on both ends of the plate, points on the centerlines lead move along the centerlines precisely not orthogonal to them.This indicates the tolerate interlingual rendition conditions to use as shown below. prognosticate 2-3 infiniterant utilize for analysis. In tutorial 2A we go forth use ANSYS to plant the utmost horizontal tune in the plate and comp ar the co mputed results with the supreme rate that potful be calculated exploitation tabulated value for vehemence concentration factors. interactional commands will be used to turn and solve the problem. 2-4 TUTORIAL 2A PLATE documental image the supreme axile taste in the plate with a central hole and comp ar your result with a computation utilize published try out concentration factor data.PREPROCESSING 1. give way ANSYS, discern the Working Directory where you will store the registers associated with this problem. in addition set the Jobname to tutorial2A or something memorable and provide a Title. (If you want to act changes in the Jobname, works Directory, or Title subsequently youve started ANSYS, use File Change Jobname or Directory or Title. ) portion out the six node triangular shargon to use for the solution of this problem. 2-4 ANSYS tutorial omen 2-4 Six-node triangle. The six-node triangle is a sub- component of the eight-node quad. 2. primary(prenom inal) scorecard Preprocessor fraction Type marrow on/ modify/ invalidate conduct geomorphologic Solid Quad 8node 183 OK see to it 2-5 instalment hireion. take in the triangle plectron and the natural selection to define the plate thickness, otherwise a whole thickness is used. 3. Options ( agent shape K1) Triangle, Options (Element behavior K3) sheet strs w/thk OK Close categoric focus / savourless chance variable 2-5 propose 2-6 Element options. 4. of import lineup Preprocessor documentary Constants Add/ change/Delete Add OK emblem 2-7 Real constants. memorialize the plate thickness of 0. 01 m. ) record 0. 01 OK Close catch 2-8 come to the plate thickness. 2-6 ANSYS tutorial read the veridical properties. 5. main(prenominal) plug-in Preprocessor Material hold up Material baby-sits Material Model itemize 1, click geomorphological Linear rubberlike Isotropic Enter EX = 2. 07E11 and PRXY = 0. 29 OK (Close the Define Material Model expression windowpane. ) draw the geometry for the focal ratio adjust quadrant of the plate by parting a 0. 2 m diameter heap from a 0. 5 x 0. 2 m rectangle. Generate the rectangle first. . principal(prenominal) placard Preprocessor casting perform playing areas Rectangle By 2 Corners Enter (lower go by corner) WP X = 0. 0, WP Y = 0. 0 and Width = 0. 5, Height = 0. 2 OK 7. main(prenominal) wag Preprocessor mildew form Areas circularise Solid Circle Enter WP X = 0. 0, WP Y = 0. 0 and Radius = 0. 1 OK consider 2-9 bring out electron orbits. mat taste / rake Strain 2-7 physical body 2-10 Rectangle and circle. Now subtract the circle from the rectangle. (Read the messages in the window at the do-nothing of the screen as requirement. ) 8.Main menu Preprocessor Modeling live on Booleans Subtract Areas crash the rectangle OK, whence fault the circle OK ( accustom Raise Hidden and Reset pickax as necessary. ) betoken 2-11 Geome try for quadrant of plate. induce a betrothal of triangular elements over the quadrant bailiwick. 9. Main circuit board Preprocessor move affiance Areas Free extract the quadrant OK embodiment 2-12 triangular element interlace. present the break boundary conditions and stacks to the geometry (lines) instead of the nodes as we did in the forward lesson.These conditions will be applied to the FEM model when the solution is performed. 10. Main calling card Preprocessor load Define tons bind structural Displacement On Lines Pick the left over(p) edge of the quadrant OK UX = 0. OK 2-8 ANSYS Tutorial 11. Main circuit card Preprocessor wads Define shipments sustain geomorphologic Displacement On Lines Pick the bottom edge of the quadrant OK UY = 0. OK Apply the loading. 12. Main calling card Preprocessor scores Define scads Apply geomorphological Pressure On Lines.Pick the just edge of the quadrant OK Pressure = -1. 0 OK (A p ositive air push level would be a compressive load, so we use a negative public press. The pressure is shown by the two arrows. ) symbol 2-13 Model with loading and switch boundary conditions. The model-building blackguard is now complete, and we locoweed proceed to the solution. premiere, to be safe, save the model. 13. value posting File Save as Jobname. db (Or Save as . use a new name) SOLUTION The interactive solution proceeds as illustrated in the tutorials of Lesson 1. 14. Main plug-in ascendant shape afoot(predicate) LS OKThe /STATUS Command window displays the problem parameters and the Solve Current Load meter window is shown. Check the solution options in the /STATUS window and if all is OK, learn File Close In the Solve Current Load Step window, select OK, and when the solution is complete, Close the resolution is Done window. POSTPROCESSING We give notice now maculation the results of this analysis and withal list the computed values. First examine the deformed shape. 15. Main Menu oecumenical Postproc plot Results modify devise Def. + Undef. OK flavourless Stress / Plane Strain 2-9 Figure 2-14 eyepatch of Deformed shape.The deformed shape looks correct. (The undeformed shape is indicated by the dashed lines. ) The right end moves to the right in response to the tensile load in the X billing, the circular hole ovals out, and the top moves down because of Poissons effect. musical note that the element edges on the circular outpouring are hold still fored by groovy lines. This is an artifact of the plotting routine not the analysis. The six-node triangle has turn sides, and if you pick on a mid-side of one these elements, you will see that a node is placed on the turn edge. The maximum shifting is shown on the graph allegory as 0. 2e-11 which seems reasonable. The units of deracination are meters because we employed meters and N/m2 in the problem formulation. Now plot the focal point in the X direct ion. 16. Main Menu ordinary Postproc Plot Results mannequin Plot Element Solu Stress X-Component of strive OK rehearse PlotCtrls Symbols /PSF Surface Load Symbols (set to Pressures) and Show pre and circulate as (set to Arrows) to display the pressure wads. Figure 2-15 Surface load symbols. Also select Display every(prenominal) Applied BCs 2-10 ANSYS Tutorial Figure 2-16 Element SX breedes.The minimum, SMN, and maximum, SMX, tunees as salutary as the color bar legend give an overall rating of the ? x (SX) idiom state. We are interested in the maximum nidus at the hole. Use the Zoom to focus on the area with highest focussing. (Your maneuveres and results may differ a bit from those shown here. ) Figure 2-17 SX stress detail. Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-11 Stress variations in the actual isotropic, homogeneous plate should be peaceful and continuous crossways elements. The discontinuities in the SX stress contours above indicate that the number of elements used in this model is oo hardly a(prenominal) to calculate with complete accuracy the stress values near the hole because of the stress gradients there. We will not accept this stress solution. More six-node elements are needed in the region near the hole to fetch accurate values of the stress. On the other hand, in the right half of the model, away from the stress riser, the calculated stress contours are smooth, and SX would seem to be accurately demote there. It is important to note that in the plotting we selected Element Solu (Element Solution) in order to look for stress contour discontinuities.If you pick Nodal Solu to plot instead, for problems like the one in this tutorial, the stress values will be averaged before plotting, and any contour discontinuities (and indeed errors) will be hidden. If you plot nodal solution stresses you will invariably see smooth contours. A discourse about element accuracy The FEM effectuation of the adhere element is taken without del ay from solid mechanics studies, and there is no approximation in the solutions for node-loaded truss structures theorize and figure out in the ways discussed in Lesson 1.The continuum elements such as the ones for plane stress and plane tension, on the other hand, are normally highly-developed utilize version functions of a polynomial type to represent the shiftings at bottom the element, and the higher the polynomial, the greater the accuracy. The ANSYS six-node triangle uses a quadratic polynomial and is equal to(p) of representing linear stress and mannequin variations within an element. Near stress concentrations the stress gradients vary quite sharply. To capture this variation, the number of elements near the stress concentrations must be change magnitude pro atomately.To scram more elements in the model, issue to the Preprocessor and meliorate the net profit, first tally the pressure. all told elements are subdivided and the net below is composed 17. Main Menu Preprocessor Loads Define Loads Delete Structural Pressure On Lines. Pick the right edge of the quadrant. Main Menu Preprocessor Meshing Modify Mesh graduate At All ( give direct of refinement 1. ) Figure 2-18 Global displace refinement. 2-12 ANSYS Tutorial We will as well as refine the mesh selectively near the hole. 18.Main Menu Preprocessor Meshing Modify Mesh Refine At Nodes. ( ingest the three nodes shown. ) OK (Select the train of refinement = 1) OK Figure 2-19 selective refinement at nodes. (Note Alternatively you pile use Preprocessor Meshing Clear Areas to consume all elements and build a on the whole new mesh. Plot Areas aft(prenominal)wards to placement the area again. Note also that too much local refinement croup bring forth a mesh with too rapid a transition amongst fine and coarse mesh regions. ) Reapply the pressure loading, repeat the solution, and replot the stress SX. 9. Main Menu Solution Solve Current LS OK Save your work. 20. File Save as Jobname. db Plot the stresses in the X direction. 21. Main Menu General Postproc Plot Results Contour Plot Element Solu Stress X-Component of stress OK Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-13 Figure 2-20 SX stress contour after mesh refinement. Figure 2-21 SX stress detail contour after mesh refinement. The element solution stress contours are now smooth across element boundaries, and the stress legend shows a maximum value of 4. 386 Pa, a 4. pct change in the SX stress computed using the previous mesh. To check this result, find the stress concentration factor for this problem in a text or reference book or from a suitable web site. For the geometry of this example we find Kt = 2. 17. We send away compute the maximum stress using (Kt)(load)/(net cross sectional area). Using the pressure p = 1. 0 Pa we obtain. ? x MAX = 2. 17 * p * (0. 4)(0. 01) /(0. 4 ? 0. 2) * 0. 01 = 4. 34 Pa 2-14 ANSYS Tutorial The computed maximum value is 4. 39 Pa which is nigh one p ct in error, expect that the value of Kt is exact. -5 THE APPROXIMATE NATURE OF FEM As mentioned above, the rigor matrix for the truss elements of Lesson 1 sack up be developed presently and simply from elementary solid mechanics principles. For continuum problems in two and three-dimensional stress, this is chiefly no long-acting possible, and the element stiffness matrices are usually developed by assuming something specific about the characteristics of the displacements that earth-closet occur within an element. Ordinarily this is do by specifying the highest arcdegree of the polynomial that governs the displacement distri unlession within an element.For h-method elements, the polynomial degree depends upon the number of nodes used to key out the element, and the interjection functions that relate displacements within the element to the displacements at the nodes are called shape functions. In ANSYS, 2-dimensional problems apprize be modeled with six-node triangles, quaternity-node quadrilaterals or eight-node quadrilaterals. Figure 2-22 Triangular and quadrilateral elements. The greater the number of nodes, the higher the order of the polynomial and the greater the accuracy in describing displacements, stresses and strains within the element. If the stress is constant throughout a region, a very imple model is sufficient to describe the stress state, perhaps only one or two elements. If there are gradients in the stress distri onlyions within a region, high-degree displacement polynomials and/or many elements are required to accurately discerp the situation. These comments exempt the variation in the accuracy of the results as different come of elements were used to solve the problem in the previous tutorial and why the engineer must conservatively prepare a model, start with minuscule models, grow the models as understanding of the problem develops and carefully interpret the calculated results.The ease with which models can be prepared and solved sometimes leads to careless evaluation of the computed results. Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-15 2-6 ANSYS FILES The charges created during the solution were saved in step 20 of Tutorial 2A. Look in the on the job(p) directory and you see Tutorial2A files with extensions BCS, db, dbb, esav, full, mntr, rst, and stat. However, the Tutorial 2A problem can be reloaded using only Tutorial2A. db, so if you want to save disk space, you can offset the others. 2-7 ANSYS GEOMETRY The finite element model consists of elements and nodes and is separate from the geometry on which it may be found.It is possible to build the finite element model without consideration of any underlying geometry as was done in the truss examples of Lesson 1, but in many cases, development of the geometry is the first task. Two-dimensional geometry in ANSYS is create from keypoints, lines (straight, arcs, splines), and areas. These geometric items are assigned numbers and can be listed, numbered, ma nipulated, and plotted. The keypoints (2,3,4,5,6), lines (2,3,5,9,10), and area (3) for Tutorial 2A are shown below. (Your numbering may differ. ) Figure 2-23 Keypoints, lines and areas.The finite element model developed previously for this part used the area A3 for development of the node/element FEM mesh. The loads, displacement boundary conditions and pressures were applied to the geometry lines. When the solution step was executed, the loads were transferred from the lines to the FEM model nodes. Applying boundary conditions and loads to the geometry facilitates remeshing the problem. The geometry does not change, only the number and pickle of nodes and elements, and at solution time, the loads are transferred to the new mesh.Geometry can be created in ANSYS interactively (as was done in the previous tutorial) or it can be created by schooling a text file. For example, the geometry of Tutorial 2A can be generated with the following text file using the File Read infix from co mmand sequence. (The keypoint, line, etc. numbers will be different from those shown above. ) 2-16 ANSYS Tutorial /FILNAM,Geom /title, Stress Concentration Geometry Example of creating geometry using keypoints, lines, arcs /prep7 Create geometry k, 1, 0. 0, 0. 0 Keypoint 1 is at 0. 0, 0. 0 k, 2, 0. 1, 0. 0 , 3, 0. 5, 0. 0 k, 4, 0. 5, 0. 2 k, 5, 0. 0, 0. 2 k, 6, 0. 0, 0. 1 L, L, L, L, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3 4 5 6 Line from keypoints 2 to 3 arc from keypoint 2 to 6, center kp 1, wheel spoke 0. 1 LARC, 2, 6, 1, 0. 1 AL, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Area defined by lines 1,2,3,4,5 Geometry for FEM analysis also can be created with solid example detent or other software and imported into ANSYS. The IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification) objective file is a common format used to exchange geometry surrounded by computing device programs. Tutorial 2B demonstrates this option for ANSYS geometry development. -8 TUTORIAL 2B SEATBELT fixings Objective Determine the stresses and deformation of th e prototype seatbelt component shown in the figure below if it is subjected to tensile load of thousand lbf. Figure 2-24 Seatbelt component. The seatbelt component is made of steel, has an over all length of about 2. 5 go ones and is 3/32 = 0. 09375 move ones thick. A solid model of the part was developed in a CAD system and exportationed as an IGES file. The file is imported into ANSYS for analysis. For simplicity we will analyze only the right, or tongue portion of the part in this tutorial.Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-17 Figure 2-25 Seatbelt tongue. PREPROCESSING 1. Start ANSYS, Run Interactive, set jobname, and working directory. Create the top half of the geometry above. The fasten retentiveness slot is 0. 375 x 0. 8125 inches and is located 0. 375 inch from the right edge. If you are not using an IGES file to define the geometry for this exercise, you can create the geometry directly in ANSYS with key points, lines, and arcs by selecting File Read Input from to sound o ut in the text file prone below and by skipping the IGES import go 2, 3, 4, and 10 below. FILNAM,Seatbelt /title, Seatbelt Geometry Example of creating geometry using keypoints, lines, arcs /prep7 Create geometry k, 1, 0. 0, 0. 0 Keypoint 1 is at 0. 0, 0. 0 k, 2, 0. 75, 0. 0 k, 3, 1. 125, 0. 0 k, 4, 1. 5, 0. 0 k, 5, 1. 5, 0. 5 k, 6, 1. 25, 0. 75 k, 7, 0. 0, 0. 75 k, 8, 1. 125, 0. 375 k, 9, 1. 09375, 0. 40625 k, 10, 0. 8125, 0. 40625 k, 11, 0. 75, 0. 34375 k, 12, 1. 25, 0. 5 k, 13, 1. 09375, 0. 375 k, 14, 0. 8125, 0. 34375 2-18 L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, ANSYS Tutorial 1, 2 3, 4 4, 5 6, 7 7, 1 3, 8 9, 10 11, 2 arc LARC, LARC, LARC, Line from keypoints 1 to 2 from keypoint 5 to 6, center kp 12, radius 0. 25, etc. 5,6, 12, 0. 25 8, 9, 13, 0. 03125 10, 11, 14, 0. 0625 AL,all Use all lines to create the area. 2. Alternatively, use a solid modeller to create the top half of the component shown above in the X-Y plane and export an IGES file of the part. To import the IGES file 3. publ ic-service corporation Menu File Import IGES Select the IGES file you created earlier. Accept the ANSYS import default settings. If you have trouble with the import, select the alternate(a) options and try again.Defeaturing is an automatic process to remove inconsistencies that may exist in the IGES file, for example lines that, because of the modeling or the file supplanting process, do not quite join to digital precision accuracy. Figure 2-26 IGES import. do work the IGES solid model most if necessary so you can substantially select the X-Y plane. Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-19 4. gain Menu PlotCtrls Pan, Zoom, Rotate Back, or use the side-bar icon. Figure 2-27 Seatbelt solid, depend and back. 5.Main Menu Preprocessor Element Type Add/Edit/Delete Add Solid Quad 8node 183 OK (Use the 8-node quadrilateral element for this problem. ) 6. Options Plane strs w/thk OK Close Enter the thickness 7. Main Menu Preprocessor Real Constants Add/Edit/Delete Add (Ty pe 1 Plane 183) OK Enter 0. 09375 OK Close Enter the sensible properties 8. Main Menu Preprocessor Material hold up Material Models Material Model reduce 1, click Structural Linear elasticized Isotropic Enter EX = 3. 0E7 and PRXY = 0. OK (Close Define Material Model Behavior window. ) Now mesh the X-Y plane area. (Turn on area numbers if it helps. ) 9. Main Menu Preprocessor Meshing Mesh Areas Free. Pick the X-Y planar area OK IMPORTANT bring up The mesh below was developed from an IGES geometry file. Using the text file geometry definition, may set out a much different mesh. If so, use the Modify Mesh refinement tools to obtain a mesh density that earns results with accuracies comparable with(predicate) to those given below. thinkd stress values can be surprisingly sensitive to mesh differences. -20 ANSYS Tutorial Figure 2-28 Quad 8 mesh. The IGES solid model is no longer needed, and since its lines and areas may interfere with subsequent modeling operatio ns, we can delete it from the session. 10. Main Menu Preprocessor Modeling Delete Volume and on a lower floor (Dont be surprised if everything disappears. exactly Plot Elements to see the mesh again. ) 11. Utility Menu PlotCtrls Pan, Zoom, Rotate Front front side of mesh. ) (If necessary to see the Figure 2-29 . Mesh, front view. Now apply displacement and pressure boundary conditions.Zero displacement UX along left edge and zero UY along bottom edge. 12. Main Menu Preprocessor Loads Define Loads Apply Structural Displacement On Lines Pick the left edge UX = 0. OK 13. Main Menu Preprocessor Loads Define Loads Apply Structural Displacement On Lines Pick the lower edge UY = 0. OK The 1000 lbf load corresponds to a uniform pressure of about 14,000 psi along the ? inch vertical inside edge of the clasp retention slot. 1000 lbf/(0. 09375 in. x 0. 75 in. ). 14.Main Menu Preprocessor Loads Define Loads Apply Structural Pressure On Lines Plane Stress / Pla ne Strain 2-21 Select the inside line and set pressure = 14000 OK Figure 2-30 Applied displacement and pressure conditions. Solve the equations. SOLUTION 15. Main Menu Solution Solve Current LS OK POSTPROCESSING Comparing the von Mises stress with the material yield stress is an accepted way of evaluating static load yielding for flexible metals in a combined stress state, so we enter the postprocessor and plot the element solution of von Mises stress, SEQV. 16.Main Menu General Postproc Plot Results Contour Plot Element Solu Stress (scroll down) von Mises OK Zoom in on the small stopping where the maximum stresses occur. The element solution stress contours are fairly smooth, and the maximum von Mises stress is around 118,000 psi. Further mesh refinement gives a stress value of nigh 140,000 psi. The small fillet radius of this geometry illustrates the challenges that can arise in creating accurate solutions, however you can easily come within a fewer percent of the most likely truthful result using the methods discussed thus far.Figure 2-31 Von Mises stresses. 2-22 ANSYS Tutorial Redesign to reduce the maximum stress requires an increase in the thickness or fillet radius. Look at charts of stress concentration factors, and you notice that the maximum stress increases as the radius of the stress agriculturist decreases, approaching infinite values at zero radii. If your model has a zero radius straits, your finite- sizing elements will show a very high stress but not infinite stress. If you refine the mesh, the stress will increase but not reach infinity.The finite element technique necessarily describes finite quantities and cannot directly slightness an infinite stress at a singular point, so dont chase a singularity. If you do not care what happens at the snick (static load, ductile material, etc. ) do not worry about this lieu but examine the stresses and strains in other regions. If you unfeignedly are concerned about the maximum stress in a point location (fatigue loads or toffy material), then use the actual part notch radius however small (1/32 for this tutorial) do not use a zero radius.Also examine the stress gradient in the vicinity of the notch to make sure the mesh is sufficiently refined near the notch. If a offend tip is the object of the analysis, you should look at fracture mechanics approaches to the problem. ( memorise ANSYS help topics on fracture mechanics. ) The engineers responsibility is not only to build utilizable models, but also to interpret the results of such models in intelligent and meaningful ways. This can often get overlooked in the rush to get answers. Continue with the evaluation and check the strains and deflections for this model as well. 7. Main Menu General Postproc Plot Results Contour Plot Element Solu Strain-total 1st prin OK The maximum principal normal strain value is found to be approximately 0. 004 in/in. 18. Main Menu General Postproc Plot Results Con tour Plot Nodal Solu DOF Solution X-Component of displacement OK Figure 2-32 UX displacements. Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-23 The maximum deflection in the X direction is about 0. 00145 inches and occurs as expected at the center of the right-hand edge of the latch retention slot. -9 MAPPED MESHING Quadrilateral meshes can also be created by social function a square with a stiff array of cells onto a general quadrilateral or triangular region. To illustrate this, delete the last line, AL,all, from the text file above so that the area is not created (just the lines) and transform it into ANSYS. Use PlotCtrls to turn Keypoint Numbering On. wherefore use 1. Main Menu Preprocessor Modeling Create Lines Lines Straight Line. Successively pick pairs of keypoints until the four interior lines shown below are created. Figure 2-33 Lines added to geometry. 2.Main Menu Preprocessor Modeling Create Areas Arbitrary By Lines Pick the three lines defining the lower left triang ular area. Apply Repeat for the quadrilateral areas. Apply OK Figure 2-34 Quadrilateral/Triangular regions. 3. Main Menu Preprocessor Modeling Operate Booleans Glue Areas Pick All 2-24 ANSYS Tutorial The glue operation preserves the boundaries between areas that we will need for mapped meshing. 4. Main Menu Preprocessor Meshing Size Cntrls ManualSize Lines All Lines Enter 4 for NDIV, No. lement divisions OK All lines will be divided into four segments for mesh creation. Figure 2-35 Element size on picked lines. 5. Main Menu Preprocessor Element Type Add/Edit/Delete Add Solid Quad 8node 183 OK (Use the 8-node quadrilateral element for the mesh. ) 6. Main Menu Preprocessor Meshing Mesh Areas Mapped 3 or 4 sided Pick All The mesh below is created. Applying boundary and load conditions and resolve gives the von Mises stress distribution shown.The stress contours are discontinuous because of the poor mesh property. come up the long and narrow quads near the point of maximum stress. We need more elements and they need to be better shaped with littler aspect ratios to obtain satisfactory results. Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-25 Figure 2-36 Mapped mesh and von Mises results. One can disregard the mapped mesh by specifying how many elements are to be placed along which lines. This allows much better control over the quality of the mesh, and an example of using this approach is depict in Lesson 4. 2-10 CONVERGENCEThe goal of finite element analysis as discussed in this lesson is to fuck off at computed estimates of deflection, strain and stress that satisfy to definite values as the number of elements in the mesh increases, just as a cope withnt series arrives at a definite value once enough terms are summed. For elements establish on assume displacement functions that draw continuum models, the computed displacements are smaller in theory than the true displacements because the assumed displacement functions place an artifici al constraint on the deformations that can occur.These constraints are relaxed as the element polynomial is increased or as more elements are used. Thus your computed displacements usually converge smoothly from below to fixed values. Strains are the x and/or y derivatives of the displacements and thus depend on the distribution of the displacements for any given mesh. The strains and stresses may change in an erratic way as the mesh is refined, first smaller than the final computed values, then larger, etc. Not all elements are developed using the ideas discussed above, and some will give displacements that converge from above. (See Lesson 6. In any case you should be alert to computed displacement and stress variations as you perform mesh refinement during the solution of a problem. 2-11 prostrate ELEMENT OPTIONS The analysis options for two-dimensional elements are Plane Stress, Axisymmetric, Plane Strain, Plane Stress with Thickness and Generalized Plane Strain. The two example s thus far in this lesson were of the third type, namely problems of plane stress in which we provided the thickness of the part. 2-26 ANSYS Tutorial The first analysis option, Plane Stress, is the ANSYS default and provides an analysis for a part with unit thickness.If you are working on a design problem in which the thickness is not to that degree known, you may wish to use this option and then select the thickness based upon the stress, strain, and deflection distributions found for a unit thickness. The second option, Axisymmetric analysis is covered in detail in Lesson 3. Plane Strain occurs in a problem such as a cylindrical bankroll bearing caged against axial motion and uniformly loaded in a direction normal to the cylindrical surface. Because there is no axial motion, there is no axial strain.Each slice through the cylinder behaves like every other and the problem can be conveniently analyzed with a planar model. Another plane strain example is that of a long retaining wa ll, keep at each end and loaded uniformly by soil pressure on one or both faces. The Generalized Plane Strain let assumes a finite deformation domain length in the Z direction, as opposed to the infinite value assumed for standard plane strain. 2-12 SUMMARY Problems of stress concentration in plates subject to in-plane loadings were used to illustrate ANSYS analysis of plane stress problems.Free triangular and quadrilateral element meshes were developed and analyzed. Mapped meshing with quads was also presented. Similar methods are used for solving problems involving plane strain one only has to choose the appropriate option during element selection. The approach is also applicable to axisymmetric geometries as discussed in the close lesson. 2-13 PROBLEMS In the problems below, use triangular and/or quadrilateral elements as desired. Triangles may produce more regular shaped element meshes with free meshing.The six-node triangles and eight-node quads can approximate curved surfa ce geometries and, when stress gradients are present, give much better results than the four-node quad elements. 2-1 bob up the maximum stress in the aluminium plate shown below. Use tabulated stress concentration factors to independently calculate the maximum stress. equate the two results by determining the percent difference in the two answers. exchange the 12 kN concentrated force into an homogeneous pressure applied to the edge. Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-27 Figure P2-1 -2 Find the maximum stress for the plate from 2-1 if the hole is located halfway between the centerline and top edge as shown. You will now need to model half of the plate instead of just one quarter and properly restrain vertical rigid body motion. One way to do this is to fix one keypoint along the centerline from UY displacement. Figure P2-2 2-28 ANSYS Tutorial 2-3 An aluminum square 10 inches on a side has a 5-inch diameter hole at the center. The object is in a state of plane strain with an nationa l pressure of 1500 psi. Determine the magnitude and location of the maximum principal stress, the maximum rincipal strain, and the maximum von Mises stress. Note that no thickness need be supplied for plane strain analysis. Figure P2-3 2-4 Repeat 2-3 for a steel plate one inch thick in a state of plane stress. 2-5 See if you can reduce the maximum stress for the plate of problem 2-1 by adding holes as shown below. Select a hole size and location that you think will smooth out the stress flow caused by the load transmission through the plate. Figure P2-5 2-6 Repeat 2-1 but the object is now a plate with notches or with a step in the geometry. (See the next figure. ) Select your own dimensions, materials, and loads.Use published stress concentration factor data to compare to your results. The published results are for plates that are relatively long so that there is a uniform state of axial stress at either end relatively far from notch or hole. Create your geometry accordingly. Plane Stress / Plane Strain 2-29 Figure P2-6 2-7 Solve the seatbelt component problem of Tutorial 2B again using six node triangular elements instead of the quadrilaterals. Experiment with mesh refinement. Turn on Smart coat using size controls to examine the effect on the solution. See if you can compute a maximum von Mises stress of around 140 kpsi. -8 Determine the stresses and deflections in an object at hand (such as a seatbelt tongue or retaining wall) whose geometry and loading make it suitable for plane stress or plane strain analysis. Do all the necessary modeling of geometry (use a CAD system if you wish), materials and loadings. 2-9 A cantilever station with a unit width angular cross section is loaded with a uniform pressure along its upper surface. Model the diversify as a problem in plane stress. Compute the end deflection and the maximum stress at the cantilever support. Compare your results to those you would find using elementary station theory.Figure P2-8 enclose UX along the cantilever support line, but restrain UY at only one keypoint along this line. Otherwise, the strain in the Y direction due to the Poisson effect is prevented here, and the fundament stresses are different from elementary beam theory because of the singularity created. (Try fixing all node points in UX and UY and see what happens. ) Select your own dimensions, materials, and pressure. Try a beam thats long and slender and one thats short and thick. The effect of pluck loading becomes more important in the deflection analysis as the delicacy decreases.